Satellite Radio Technology Cruising
Oct. 5, 2000 -- Don’t touch that dial. Thanks to something new in the air, you might not have to ever again.
Where radio radically changed the way the world received news and information in the 1920s and ’30s, satellite radio promises to extend the range of what its proponents say will be virtually static-free programming to anywhere in the United States. Aiming to give its subscribers the choice and diversity of more than 200 new ad-free channels, two satellite radio companies are hoping its new offerings will do for radio what DirecTV does for television ... but in both the home and the car.
“The goal is to offer customers new choice and diversity ... and open up the radio market to new national, creative channels,” aid Vicki Stearn, director of public relations for XM Radio, based in Washington D.C.
XM Radio and New York-based Sirius Radio plan to roll out their competing new services sometime next year. Programming will include nearly all formats from sports to talk to music — Classical, rock&roll, jazz, you name it — without advertisements or dee-jays and wherever you roam. Both companies will sell home receivers, but their prime target is the car. And while the satellite technology is not new per se, getting a steady signal to hit a small antenna that’s constantly in motion is a fresh technical challenge.
“The moving vehicle part of it isn’t as challenging as ... getting the signal to a small antenna,” said Stearns.
Not Your Father’s Radio
Satellite distribution of radio and television programming is standard in the broadcast world. Broadcasters such ABC, CBS and NBC uplink programs daily to satellites so that affiliate TV and radio networks can downlink them for transmission to local audiences. Such signals to and from a satellite are scrambled or encoded and can only be unscrambled or decoded with the correct equipment.
XM and Sirius Radio will work similarly. Each will beam their programming to orbitting communications and terrestrial satellites, which will send out signals the satellite radio receivers will pick up. These receivers, somewhat akin to AM/FM receivers, are made up of two parts: an “active” antenna and a receiving modulator.
The antenna basically looks for and picks up available signals from satellites it recognizes. It amplifies them, filters out any accompanying noise and interference, and then sends them to the receiver, where most of the real work is done.
En route to the receiver, the signals are converted from analog to digital. Once in the digital realm, they are analyzed for quality, and then processed and combined to produce the best digital “image” of the sound. The receiver also decrypts the signals and finally converts them back to analog audio, which can be sent to the radio’s speakers so you can hear it.
Two Companies, Two Methods
The receiving end is virtually the same for both companies, but the satellite configurations are different: XM Radio will use two satellites, and Sirius will use a combination three.
XM Radio’s two satellites — appropriately dubbed “XM Rock” and “XM Roll” — form what is called a conventional, geostationary orbit. This means the satellites are always positioned over the same spot on Earth Aligned with the equator and angled northward toward the U.S., the satellites travel at the same pace as the earth’s rotatation, taking approximately 24 hours for them to orbit the Earth.
Sirius uses a different, slightly more complicated approach with its three-satellite constellation. In this configuration, one of the satellites travels at the traditional, geostationary pattern at the equator while the other two travel at orbits that are considered “elliptical orbits, ” or at a plane that is askew to the equator. The theory behind this is to keep the two satellites directed toward the U.S. at all times but from different satellites to reduce the possibility of interference, according to Mark Kalman, vice president of the national broadcast studio for Sirius..
Both configurations are optimized to theoretically provide satellite radio subscribers service in any part of the U.S. without interruption due to static, location or commercials. “You should be able to travel from New York to Los Angeles and still be able to listen to the same channel,” said Kalman. That would be in a theoretical, perfect world. The real world, however, poses threats from weather, tall buildings and mountains that can potentially interfere with broadcasts.
To remedy the interference caused by tall structures, both Sirius and XM Radio are supplementing their satellite coverage with terrestrial transmitters, called ground repeaters, in major metropolitan areas such as New York, Chicago and San Francisco. If the satellite radio antenna is blocked by a skyscraper, it should pick up signals from one of the ground repeaters.
What’s On
Several electronics companies such as Motorola and xxx have teamed up with Sirius and XM Radio to develop the satellite receivers, which won’t look much different from the analog and digital AM/FM tuners that are in cars today. One small change will be an additional button for a digital radio option. Regardless of manufacturer, though, these receivers will be built to pick up all satellite radio signals regardless of what company is transmitting them, according to the Federal Communications Commission.
As an automobile option, the units are expected to cost somewher between $150-200, on top of a monthly subscription rate of about $10, said Kalman. But, he added, car makers such as Daimler-Chrysler and BMW plan to offer satellite radio receivers as standard equipment by sometime next year.
Motorola, which plans to launch its iRadio satellite radio receiver sometime in 2001, plans to incorporate this form of entertainment technology with their telematics systems, says Brian Gratch, director of marketing of the Telebmatics Communications Group at Motorola Corp. Telematics in cars put such telecommunications technologies as cellular and GPS technology into cars.
“With telematics, we hope to combine safety and security, along with an entertainment piece,” he said. ABCNEWS.com’s Erica D. Rowell contributed to this report.